The Latest On Creatine Research: Everything You Need To Know

Orange tub of creatine monohydrate for masters athletes

Creatine: The Gift That Keeps On Giving

Once upon a time, creatine was a well-kept secret among gym enthusiasts, mostly whispered about in the corners of weight rooms by those in the know. But everything changed after the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, when British athletes Linford Christie and Sally Gunnell credited creatine for their gold-medal performances. Suddenly, everyone wanted a piece of the creatine action.

The Rise of Creatine

By 1996, just four years later, creatine had gone from niche to mainstream, becoming one of the most popular supplements among athletes. Despite early warnings from some professional sports organizations and medical groups about potential risks like electrolyte imbalances or kidney issues, the allure of bigger muscles and better performance was hard to resist.

Creatine, or officially known to scientists as, methyl guanidine-acetic acid (try saying that three times fast), is now a staple for anyone looking to boost their strength, speed, and muscle mass. But what does the research really say about this powerhouse supplement?

The Science Behind the Hype

Researchers have been studying creatine for decades, and their findings are pretty exciting. Here’s what we know:

Power and Performance

Creatine helps your body produce ATP, the primary source of energy for your cells. This is especially useful during high-intensity training, allowing you to push harder and longer without feeling as fatigued. Think of it as the turbo boost in your workout. Studies have consistently shown that creatine is effective and safe for building strength, power, and resistance to fatigue. So, whether you're a bodybuilder, a football player, or a sprinter, creatine could be your new best friend.

Endurance: The Grey Area

When it comes to endurance, the jury's still out. Some research suggests that creatine might help with glycogen storage and hydration, potentially giving endurance athletes a bit of an edge. However, a review of 13 studies found no significant effect on endurance performance. So, if you're training for a marathon, creatine might not be your magic potion, but it could still help in specific situations like recovery or those last-minute sprints.

Recovery: A Helping Hand

Creatine might also play a role in muscle recovery. Some studies have shown that it helps muscles store glycogen more quickly, which is crucial for recovery. For example, one study found that creatine improved range of motion and muscle function after exhaustive strength training. Another review found that creatine supplementation reduced muscle damage indicators after intense training. While the research is still young, these findings are promising.

Brain Gains: Not Just for Muscles

Surprisingly, creatine isn't just for muscles. Your brain needs energy too, and creatine might help boost brain function. Research has shown benefits for working memory and intelligence, especially in older adults and vegetarians, who typically have lower creatine levels. If you're young and healthy, though, you might not notice much of a difference.


Mood: A Potential Mood Booster

Creatine may even have a positive impact on mood disorders like depression and anxiety. Some studies suggest that creatine supplementation, especially when combined with antidepressants, can reduce symptoms of depression. While the research is still in its infancy, these findings open up intriguing possibilities for future studies.

Creatine powder on black background and scooper

The Final Scoop on Creatine

So, who should consider adding creatine to their routine? Here are the key takeaways:

  1. Creatine is Safe: Despite early concerns, creatine is one of the most well-studied supplements and has been shown to pose no significant health risks.

  2. Loading Phase: Optional: If you're not in a rush, you can skip the loading phase. A daily dose of 3-5 grams will suffice for most people.

  3. Water Retention: Temporary: While creatine might cause slight water retention initially, this effect typically wears off after a week.



In short, creatine is a versatile and safe supplement that can benefit athletes and non-athletes alike. Whether you're looking to build muscle, boost brain power, or enhance recovery, creatine might just be the little extra edge you need. So why not give it a try? After all, it worked for Olympic gold medalists—maybe it can work for you too!



Want more resources? I’ve included them below….. happy reading!



  1. Rowbottom M. Drugs in sport: Creatine given all-clear by IOC. The Independent [Internet]. 1998 Dec 15 [cited 2024 Jun 30]; Available from: https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/drugs-in-sport-creatine-given-allclear-by-ioc-1191609.html

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  2. Antonio J, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Gualano B, Jagim AR, Kreider RB, et al. Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show? J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021 Feb 8;18(1):13.

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  4. Kreider RB, Kalman DS, Antonio J, Ziegenfuss TN, Wildman R, Collins R, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2017 Jun 13;14:18.

  5. Fernández-Landa J, Santibañez-Gutierrez A, Todorovic N, Stajer V, Ostojic SM. Effects of Creatine Monohydrate on Endurance Performance in a Trained Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2023 May;53(5):1017–27.

  6. Forbes SC, Candow DG, Neto JHF, Kennedy MD, Forbes JL, Machado M, et al. Creatine supplementation and endurance performance: surges and sprints to win the race. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2023 Dec;20(1):2204071.

  7. Wax B, Kerksick CM, Jagim AR, Mayo JJ, Lyons BC, Kreider RB. Creatine for Exercise and Sports Performance, with Recovery Considerations for Healthy Populations. Nutrients [Internet]. 2021 Jun 2;13(6). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061915

  8. Yamaguchi S, Inami T, Ishida H, Morito A, Yamada S, Nagata N, et al. The Effect of Prior Creatine Intake for 28 Days on Accelerated Recovery from Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients [Internet]. 2024 Mar 20;16(6).

  9. Doma K, Ramachandran AK, Boullosa D, Connor J. The Paradoxical Effect of Creatine Monohydrate on Muscle Damage Markers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med. 2022 Jul;52(7):1623–45.

  10. Rae, Caroline, Alison L. Digney, Sally R. McEwan, and Timothy C. Bates. 2003. Oral Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation Improves Brain Performance: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-over Trial. Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society 270 (1529): 2147–50.

  11. Prokopidis K, Giannos P, Triantafyllidis KK, Kechagias KS, Forbes SC, Candow DG. Effects of creatine supplementation on memory in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev. 2023 Mar 10;81(4):416–27.

  12. Candow DG, Forbes SC, Ostojic SM, Prokopidis K, Stock MS, Harmon KK, et al. “Heads Up” for Creatine Supplementation and its Potential Applications for Brain Health and Function. Sports Med. 2023 Dec;53(Suppl 1):49–65.

  13. Smith AN, Morris JK, Carbuhn AF, Herda TJ, Keller JE, Sullivan DK, et al. Creatine as a Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer’s Disease. Curr Dev Nutr. 2023 Nov;7(11):102011.

  14. Gordji-Nejad A, Matusch A, Kleedörfer S, Jayeshkumar Patel H, Drzezga A, Elmenhorst D, et al. Single dose creatine improves cognitive performance and induces changes in cerebral high energy phosphates during sleep deprivation. Sci Rep. 2024 Feb 28;14(1):4937.

  15. Sandkühler JF, Kersting X, Faust A, Königs EK, Altman G, Ettinger U, et al. The effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive performance-a randomised controlled study. BMC Med. 2023 Nov 15;21(1):440.

  16. Bakian AV, Huber RS, Scholl L, Renshaw PF, Kondo D. Dietary creatine intake and depression risk among U.S. adults. Transl Psychiatry. 2020 Feb 3;10(1):52.

  17. Lyoo IK, Yoon S, Kim TS, Hwang J, Kim JE, Won W, et al. A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of oral creatine monohydrate augmentation for enhanced response to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in women with major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Sep;169(9):937–45.

  18. Slankamenac J, Ranisavljev M, Todorovic N, Ostojic J, Stajer V, Candow DG, et al. Eight-Week Creatine-Glucose Supplementation Alleviates Clinical Features of Long COVID. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2024;70(2):174–8.

  19. Ranisavljev M, Todorovic N, Ostojic J, Ostojic SM. Reduced tissue creatine levels in patients with long COVID-19: A cross-sectional study. J Postgrad Med. 2023 Jul-Sep;69(3):162–3.

  20. Candow DG, Forbes SC, Chilibeck PD, Cornish SM, Antonio J, Kreider RB. Effectiveness of Creatine Supplementation on Aging Muscle and Bone: Focus on Falls Prevention and Inflammation. J Clin Med Res [Internet]. 2019 Apr 11;8(4).

  21. Delpino FM, Figueiredo LM. Does creatine supplementation improve glycemic control and insulin resistance in healthy and diabetic patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2022 Feb;47:128–34.

  22. Clarke H, Akhavan N, Hickner R, Kraeher K, Angel V. The Effect of 4-Week Creatine Supplementation on Lipid Profile in Older Adults. Current Developments in Nutrition. 2022 Jun;6(Suppl 1):4.

  23. Clarke H, Hickner RC, Ormsbee MJ. The Potential Role of Creatine in Vascular Health. Nutrients [Internet]. 2021 Mar 5;13(3).

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